The red and grey spheres in Fig.1.2 represent interface standards. When a system is assembled it starts with some chassis or a single subsystem. Subsequently subsystems are added onto it to make it a complete system.
Let us take the example of a Desktop Computer. Though not an Embedded System it can give us a nice example of assembling a system from its subsystems.
You can start assembling a desktop computer (Fig.1.3) starting with the chassis and then take the SMPS (switched mode power supply), motherboard, followed by hard disk drive, CDROM drive, Graphic Cards, Ethernet Cards etc. Each of these subsystems consists of several components e.g. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), microprocessors, Analog as well as Digital VLSI circuits, Miniature Motor and its control electronics, Multilevel Power supply units crystal clock generators, Surface mounted capacitors and resistors etc. In the end you close the chassis and connect Keyboard, Mouse, Speakers, Visual Display Units, Ethernet Cable, Microphone, Camera etc fitting them into certain well-defined sockets.
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